Nitrofurantoin - contraindications, indications, side effects, action

Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic medication that works by stopping the growth of bacteria. Specifically, it inhibits the synthesis of proteins, DNA, RNA, and cell wall components - elements crucial for the bacteria's survival and propagation.

The drug gets concentrated in the urine, where it exerts its antibacterial action mainly against bacteria responsible for urinary tract infections, such as E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Enterococci.

It's important to note that Nitrofurantoin is not effective against viral infections (like common cold, flu). Misuse or overuse of this medication can lead to a reduction in its effectiveness.

Nitrofurantoin is primarily indicated for the treatment and prevention of urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by certain types of bacteria. This includes both acute cystitis (bladder infections) and prophylaxis in recurrent lower UTIs. It is particularly effective against Escherichia coli, Enterococci, Staphylococci, and certain strains of Klebsiella and Enterobacter species.

It is also used off-label for the treatment of pyelonephritis (kidney infection), although this is less common due to the risk of serious side effects and the availability of safer alternatives. In some cases, Nitrofurantoin may be used in combination with other antibiotics for a synergistic effect or to prevent the development of bacterial resistance.

Although Nitrofurantoin is not a first-line treatment, it is a valuable option particularly in patients with allergies to other antibiotics, or in locations where bacterial resistance to other first-line antibiotics is common. Its use, however, should be limited to uncomplicated infections and it should not be used in those with kidney disease or in pregnant women near term.

Nitrofurantoin, like any other medication, is not suitable for everyone and some people should never use it. Certain other people should only use it with special care. It is important that the person prescribing this knows your full medical history.

• You should not use Nitrofurantoin if you are allergic to any of its ingredients. Please inform your doctor or pharmacist if you have previously experienced such an allergy.
• People with a history of lung disease
• People with severe kidney disease
• People with blood disorders
• People with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
• Pregnant women, especially those who are at term (38-42 weeks pregnant), those about to go into labor, or those in labor

It is also not recommended for the prevention of urinary tract infection (UTI) during surgery. This drug should not be used in children under three months of age due to the risk of hemolytic anemia.

Nitrofurantoin should only be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus or baby. Always inform your doctor if you are pregnant or planning a pregnancy, before using any medicine.

For more detailed information on the contraindications of Nitrofurantoin, it is best to consult your healthcare provider or pharmacist.

Like all medicines, Nitrofurantoin can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them. The majority of side effects are mild and temporary. However, some can be more severe and may require immediate attention.

Common side effects include gastrointestinal problems such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. This usually occurs at the beginning of treatment and can typically be reduced by taking Nitrofurantoin with food or milk.

Less common side effects include headache, dizziness, sleep disturbances, and changes in the sensation of taste. Skin reactions such as itching, rashes, and photosensitivity have also been reported.

Rare side effects may include chest pain, cough, shortness of breath, and lung disease, particularly with long-term use. If you experience any shortness of breath, chest pain, or cough, you should seek medical attention immediately.

Very rare side effects may include changes in blood counts, hepatitis, and peripheral neuropathy (a nerve disorder). If you notice any unexplained bruising, persistent sore throat, fever, or if you feel very tired, you should contact your doctor immediately.

It's important to remember that these are potential side effects and that you might not experience any of them. Always inform your doctor if you experience any unusual or severe side effects after taking Nitrofurantoin.

The dosage of Nitrofurantoin can vary depending on the specific circumstances of the patient, such as their age, the severity of the infection, and their overall health. However, it's important to always follow your doctor's directions and the instructions on the prescription label.

Generally, for adults with uncomplicated urinary tract infections, the typical dosage is 50 to 100 milligrams taken four times a day. This treatment usually lasts for seven days, or until three days after urine tests show that the infection is gone. If the infection is severe or complications are present, the physician may increase the dose or prolong the treatment period.

For children, the dosage is typically based on their body weight. The usual dosage for children is 5 to 7 milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day, divided into four doses. This should not exceed a daily total of 400 milligrams.

Patients with renal impairment may require a lower dose. Nitrofurantoin is contraindicated in patients with a creatinine clearance of less than 60 mL/min.

It's also essential to take Nitrofurantoin with food, as this helps your body absorb the drug more effectively and can also help mitigate some side effects like nausea.

Remember, it's important not to stop taking Nitrofurantoin, even if you feel better, until the prescription is completely finished. Stopping the medication too early may allow bacteria to continue to grow, which may result in a return of the infection.

Nitrofurantoin is primarily used to treat and prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by certain types of bacteria. It is an antibiotic that works by stopping the growth of bacteria. This antibiotic treats only bacterial infections. It will not work for viral infections (such as common cold, flu). Unnecessary use or misuse of any antibiotic can lead to its decreased effectiveness.

To use Nitrofurantoin, take this medication by mouth, with food or milk, as directed by your doctor. This will help to reduce the risk of stomach upset. The dosage and length of treatment are based on your medical condition and response to treatment. For children, the dosage is also based on body weight. Antibiotics work best when the amount of medicine in your body is kept at a constant level. Therefore, take this drug at evenly spaced intervals.

Remember to use Nitrofurantoin at the same time each day to ensure that you do not forget. Continue to take this medication even if you feel well. Do not stop taking your medication without consulting your healthcare provider. This could cause your infection to last longer or return.

If you are taking this medication to prevent an infection from returning, take it as directed by your doctor, usually twice daily. Continue taking it for the full time prescribed, even if symptoms disappear after a few days. Stopping the medication too early may allow bacteria to continue to grow, resulting in a return of the infection.

While Nitrofurantoin is generally considered safe for most patients, there are certain precautions that should be followed to ensure effective and safe treatment. These precautions include both general guidance and specific considerations for certain groups of patients.

Firstly, it is important to take Nitrofurantoin exactly as directed by your healthcare provider. Misuse or overuse of this medication can lead to ineffective treatment and potential side effects. It is also crucial to complete the full course of treatment, even if symptoms appear to improve before the end of the prescribed period.

• Patients with a history of lung disease, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), should inform their healthcare provider prior to commencing treatment with Nitrofurantoin, as it may exacerbate these conditions.
• This medication should be used with caution in individuals with kidney disease or reduced kidney function as its effectiveness may be decreased and the risk of toxic reactions may be increased.
• Older adults may be more sensitive to the side effects of Nitrofurantoin, particularly lung problems.
• Nitrofurantoin should not be used during the last month of pregnancy as it may harm the developing baby. It should also be used with caution in nursing mothers as it passes into breast milk.

In conclusion, while Nitrofurantoin is an effective treatment for certain bacterial infections, caution should be exercised in its use. By being informed of these precautions, patients can ensure they are using this medication safely and effectively.

Nitrofurantoin can interact with certain other medications, which can alter how the drug functions. It's essential to inform your doctor if you're currently on any other medication before starting your course of nitrofurantoin. This includes over-the-counter drugs, vitamins, and herbal supplements.

Specifically, nitrofurantoin should not be taken with the following medications:

• Probenecid or sulfinpyrazone, as these medications can interfere with the removal of nitrofurantoin from your body, leading to higher levels of the drug in the blood.
• Antacids containing magnesium trisilicate, as these can decrease the absorption of nitrofurantoin.

It's also important to avoid alcohol while taking nitrofurantoin, as it can increase the risk of certain side effects and potentially exacerbate them.

Pregnant women, especially those who are at term, about to go into labor, or those with kidney issues, should not take Nitrofurantoin since it can impact the health of the unborn child.

Remember to always consult with a healthcare professional or pharmacist for more information or if you have any questions about your medication regimen.

The price of Nitrofurantoin can vary depending on the pharmacy you visit. Prices are for cash paying patients only and are not valid with insurance plans. A generic version of Nitrofurantoin is available, see Nitrofurantoin prices. In the United States, the cost for Nitrofurantoin oral capsule 50 mg is around $22 for a supply of 20 capsules, depending on the pharmacy you visit.

Prices for some drugs may be higher or vary in some states including, but not necessarily limited to, CA and MN. It is advisable to know the prices of different pharmacies in your location before purchasing Nitrofurantoin to ensure you get the best deal.

It's also worth noting that prices can change and it's always a good idea to check with your local pharmacy for the most current pricing. In addition, certain pharmaceutical companies offer patient assistance programs to help offset the cost of prescription medications. If you're having trouble affording Nitrofurantoin, it may be worth looking into these programs.

Although Nitrofurantoin is an effective treatment for certain types of bacterial infections, some patients may need to use a substitute due to allergies, resistance, or other health concerns. It's important to note that any change in medication should be done under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

A few commonly used alternatives to Nitrofurantoin include:

• Fosfomycin: Often used to treat urinary tract infections, just like Nitrofurantoin. However, it is a single-dose treatment, which might be more convenient for some patients.
• Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim): This combination medication is often used as a first-line treatment for uncomplicated UTIs.
• Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic that can also be effective against bacteria resistant to Nitrofurantoin.
• Amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin): This combination can be used to treat a variety of infections, including those of the urinary tract.

In conclusion, while Nitrofurantoin is a reliable and widely used antibiotic, several alternatives are available if it cannot be used for whatever reason. Always consult with your healthcare provider before making any changes to your prescribed medication regimen.